lithography
li-THOG-ruh-fee
/lɪˈθɒɡrəfi/
A process used in nanotechnology to print or etch patterns onto a surface, typically a silicon wafer.
In the chip industry, it usually refers to 'photolithography', using light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photo mask to a chemical photoresist.
The story behind the word. From the Greek 'lithos' (stone) and 'graphein' (to write). It was invented in 1796 by Alois Senefelder as a cheap way to publish theatrical scripts by writing on limestone with greasy crayons.
Word relationships
- etching: Etching is the specific step of removing material; lithography is the whole process of patterning.
Commonly confused with
- printing: Printing usually adds material (ink); lithography often involves using a mask to define where material should be removed or added.
Word family
- lithographic (adjective): Relating to lithography.
Collocations
- photolithography
- electron-beam lithography
- lithography equipment
Example sentences
- "Extreme ultraviolet lithography is essential for producing the world's most advanced computer chips." A news report on semiconductor manufacturing.
- "While originally a method for printing on paper, lithography has become the cornerstone of modern electronics." A history of printing technology.
Memory hook
Think of 'Litho' (stone) and 'Graph' (writing) — writing on a stone-like silicon chip. Stone-writing for chips.
When not to use
Do not confuse with 'biography' or other 'graphy' words; this is strictly a printing/etching process.
Fun facts
- Modern lithography machines use light with wavelengths so small they can only be used in a vacuum.
Related words
Explore more words
photovoltaic, semiconductor, prism, nanomedicine, Nanomaterial, illumination
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