Reduction
rih-DUK-shuhn
/rɪˈdʌkʃən/
The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction, often involving the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
Originally, 'reduction' meant the process of extracting a metal from its ore (reducing the ore to metal). Now, it's broadly defined as the gain of electrons.
The story behind the word. The word 'reduction' comes from the Latin 'reducere,' meaning 'to lead back' or 'bring back.' In early chemistry, 'reduction' specifically referred to the process of 'leading back' a metal from its ore, often by removing oxygen. For example, iron oxide was 'reduced' to iron. Over time, the definition expanded to encompass the gain of electrons, which is the fundamental chemical change occurring in these processes.
Word relationships
- Gain of electrons: A more explicit definition of the chemical process.
- Oxidation: The loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction.
Commonly confused with
- Oxidation: 'Reduction' is the gain of electrons; 'oxidation' is the loss of electrons. They always occur together in a redox reaction.
Word family
- reduce (verb): To undergo or cause to undergo reduction; to make smaller or less.
- reducing (adjective): Causing reduction.
- reductant (noun): A substance that causes reduction.
Collocations
- redox reduction
- electron reduction
- reduction potential
- reduction reaction
Example sentences
- "The smelting of iron ore involves the reduction of iron oxides to pure iron metal." Reduction in metallurgy.
- "Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose, gaining electrons in the process." Reduction in biological systems.
Memory hook
Remember 'OIL RIG': Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons). RIG: Reduction Is Gain
When not to use
Do not use 'reduction' to describe a process that involves the loss of electrons; that is 'oxidation'.
Fun facts
- The historical meaning of 'reduction' (removing oxygen) is still relevant in metallurgy, where metals are extracted from their oxides.
- Vitamin C is a well-known antioxidant, meaning it readily undergoes oxidation itself, thereby 'reducing' other substances and preventing their oxidation.
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