malfunction
mal-FUNK-shun
/ˌmælˈfʌŋkʃən/
To fail to function normally or in the expected manner; a failure to function properly.
Implies that a piece of equipment or a system is working, but incorrectly or inefficiently, rather than being completely broken or shut down. It can range from minor to severe.
The story behind the word. The word 'malfunction' is a clear blend of Latin roots. 'Mal-' comes from Latin 'malus', meaning 'bad' or 'evil'. 'Function' comes from Latin 'functio', meaning 'performance' or 'execution'. So, when something 'malfunctions', it literally performs badly or executes its task incorrectly. This word emerged in the late 19th century, perfectly describing machines that weren't quite doing their job.
Word relationships
- fail: More general; 'malfunction' specifies a failure to operate correctly.
- break down: Often implies a complete cessation of function, whereas 'malfunction' can mean incorrect operation.
- go wrong: More informal; 'malfunction' is precise and technical.
- function: To operate as intended.
- operate correctly: To work without errors or issues.
Commonly confused with
- glitch: A 'glitch' is typically a minor, temporary issue. A 'malfunction' can be more serious, prolonged, or indicate a fundamental failure in how something operates.
- breakdown: A 'malfunction' is when something works incorrectly. A 'breakdown' is a complete failure, where it stops working entirely.
Collocations
- equipment malfunction
- system malfunction
- mechanical malfunction
- software malfunction
- critical malfunction
Example sentences
- "The printer began to malfunction, producing streaky pages and jamming frequently, indicating a need for repair." Describing a problem with a machine.
- "Investigators are looking into whether a sensor malfunction contributed to the accident." A news report about a technical issue.
- "The security system started to malfunction, triggering false alarms at random times throughout the night." A system experiencing erratic behavior.
Memory hook
When something 'MALFUNCTIONS', it's performing 'MAL' (badly) its 'FUNCTION'. MALFUNCTION = bad function
When not to use
Avoid using 'malfunction' for human errors or for natural phenomena. It specifically refers to mechanical or systemic failures.
Fun facts
- The prefix 'mal-' is found in many English words indicating something bad or wrong, such as 'malice', 'malnutrition', and 'malpractice'.
- Before the term 'malfunction' became common, people might have said a machine was 'out of order' or 'defective'.
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