torque
TORK
/tɔːrk/
A force that tends to cause rotation; rotational force.
Torque is specifically the rotational equivalent of linear force. While a linear force is a push or a pull, torque is a twist. It is calculated by multiplying the applied force by the distance from the pivot point.
The story behind the word. Torque comes directly from the Latin verb 'torquere', which means 'to twist'. This is the same root that gave us 'torture' (originally twisting limbs on a rack), 'tortuous' (a twisting path), and even 'retort' (twisting someone's words back at them). It entered English scientific vocabulary in the late 19th century to describe rotational force.
Word relationships
- rotational force: Rotational force is a descriptive synonym, but torque is the precise, standard scientific term used in engineering calculations.
- linear force: Linear force acts along a straight line to cause translation, whereas torque acts about an axis to cause rotation.
Commonly confused with
- work: Torque is a rotational force (measured in Newton-meters), while work is energy expended (measured in Joules), even though they share the same dimensional units.
Word family
- torquer (noun): A device or motor that produces torque.
Collocations
- high torque
- torque wrench
- tightening torque
- engine torque
Example sentences
- "The electric motor delivers maximum torque instantly from a standstill, resulting in rapid acceleration." An automotive review of an electric car
- "Use a calibrated wrench to torque the cylinder head bolts to the manufacturer's exact specifications." An instruction manual for assembling machinery
Memory hook
Think of a 'torque' wrench as a tool used to 'twist' a bolt. The 't' in torque stands for 'twist'. Torque is the force that twists.
When not to use
Do not use torque to describe a straight-line push or pull; use 'force' instead.
Fun facts
- Ancient Roman catapults used twisted ropes of hair or sinew to store energy; this was a direct application of torsional torque.
- The heavy gold necklaces worn by ancient Celtic warriors are called 'torcs' (or torques) because they were made of twisted metal rods.
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