Infer
in-FUR
/ɪnˈfɜːr/
To deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements.
Infers a conclusion that is likely or probable, often through inductive reasoning (specific observations to general conclusions).
The story behind the word. The word 'infer' comes from the Latin 'inferre,' meaning 'to bring in,' 'to bring upon,' or 'to introduce.' It's composed of the prefix 'in-' (meaning 'into' or 'upon') and the verb 'ferre' (meaning 'to carry' or 'to bring'). The sense of 'bringing in' a conclusion from evidence gradually developed into its modern meaning of drawing a conclusion by reasoning.
Word relationships
- deduce: Often used interchangeably, but 'deduce' is strictly general to specific, while 'infer' can also be specific to general.
- conclude: More general, can be based on various types of reasoning.
- surmise: To suppose that something is true without conclusive evidence.
- state: To express something explicitly.
- imply: To suggest something without stating it directly (the opposite action in communication).
Commonly confused with
- Imply: The speaker/writer implies something, while the listener/reader infers it. They are two sides of the same communication coin.
Word family
- inference (noun): A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
- inferential (adjective): Relating to or involving inference.
Collocations
- infer from evidence
- infer a motive
- infer a conclusion
- infer meaning
Example sentences
- "Based on the lack of forced entry, detectives could infer that the victim knew the perpetrator." From her silence, I inferred she was angry.
- "By observing the perpetrator's choice of victims, profilers can often infer their underlying psychological needs." What can you infer from these statistics?
Memory hook
To 'INFER' is to 'IN'vestigate and 'FER'ret out the hidden meaning. IN-FER meaning
When not to use
Do not use 'infer' when you mean 'imply.' The speaker/writer 'implies,' the listener/reader 'infers.' Also, avoid using it for mere guessing.
Fun facts
- Inductive inference is the basis of scientific hypothesis formation, where specific observations lead to general theories.
- The ability to make accurate inferences is a key skill in critical thinking and reading comprehension.
Related words
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