independent
in-di-PEN-dent
/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/
Not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence; not subject to another's authority or jurisdiction; self-governing.
Highlights a lack of reliance or control by others, often implying self-sufficiency and freedom. It can refer to individuals, organizations, or nations.
The story behind the word. The word 'independent' comes from Latin roots. 'In-' means 'not', and 'pendere' means 'to hang'. So, literally, 'independent' means 'not hanging from' or 'not depending on' something else. It entered English in the late 16th century, initially referring to religious groups that were not 'dependent' on a larger church structure, and later broadened to describe individuals, nations, or entities that are self-reliant and free from external control.
Word relationships
- self-sufficient: Emphasizes the ability to provide for oneself without external aid.
- autonomous: Often implies self-governance or self-direction, especially in decision-making.
- dependent: Relying on someone or something else for support or direction.
- subordinate: Lower in rank or position, subject to the authority of another.
Commonly confused with
- alone: Being 'alone' refers to physical solitude, while 'independent' refers to a state of not relying on others, which can be achieved even when surrounded by people.
Word family
- independence (n): The state of being independent.
- independently (adv): Without relying on others; by oneself.
Collocations
- independent study
- independent contractor
- independent decision
- financially independent
- independent variable
Example sentences
- "Many small businesses strive to remain independent, avoiding mergers with larger corporations." Describing a type of business.
- "She was an independent thinker, always questioning assumptions rather than simply accepting them." Referring to a person's character.
- "The former colony declared itself an independent nation in 1960." Political context.
Memory hook
Imagine a person standing firm, not 'hanging' on anyone else for support. They are 'in-dependent'. Not hanging
When not to use
Do not use 'independent' if something is clearly reliant on or controlled by an external entity.
Fun facts
- The American Declaration of Independence (1776) famously asserted the colonies' right to be 'free and independent States'.
Explore more words
sovereign, autonomous, autonomy, sovereignty, fearless, freedom
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