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sanctions

SANK-shunz /ˈsæŋkʃənz/

nounC1GRESATTOEFLIELTS

formallegaldiplomatic

Measures taken by a state or international body to compel another state to conform to international law or norms, typically by imposing penalties on trade, financial transactions, or travel.

Refers specifically to punitive measures, often economic, imposed by one or more states on another to influence its behavior. Can also refer to official permission or approval (a less common meaning in this context).

The story behind the word. The word 'sanctions' comes from the Latin verb 'sancire,' meaning 'to consecrate,' 'to make holy,' or 'to ratify.' This root implies making something inviolable or legally binding. In English, 'sanction' first meant a solemn decree or a penalty for violating a law. Over time, it developed two seemingly opposite meanings: official permission (as in 'to sanction an action') and punitive measures (as in 'economic sanctions'), both stemming from the idea of official authority and enforcement.

Word relationships

penalties: More general; can refer to any punishment for breaking a rule.
embargo: A specific type of sanction involving a ban on trade with a particular country.
restrictions: Limits placed on something, often a component of sanctions.

incentives: Things that motivate or encourage someone to do something.
rewards: Things given in recognition of service, effort, or achievement.
aid: Help, typically financial or practical, given to a country or organization.

Word family

sanction (verb): To impose a sanction on; to give official permission or approval for (an action).

Collocations

economic sanctions
impose sanctions
lift sanctions
international sanctions
trade sanctions

Example sentences

"The United Nations imposed strict economic sanctions on the rogue state in an effort to halt its nuclear weapons program." International diplomacy.
"The new policy received the sanctions of the board of directors, allowing it to proceed." Legal context (less common meaning).

Memory hook

Think of 'sanctuary' (related to 'sanc') as a place where rules are 'sanctioned' (approved) or where breaking rules leads to 'sanctions' (penalties). Official penalties

When not to use

Do not use for general punishments or disciplinary actions within a single organization. It specifically applies to international relations or legal contexts where official approval/disapproval is involved.

Fun facts

The dual meaning of 'sanction' (approval vs. penalty) can be confusing, but both relate to official authority: either granting permission or enforcing rules through punishment.