chromosome
KROH-muh-sohm
/ˈkroʊməsoʊm/
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
The highly organized and condensed structure that contains DNA, becoming visible under a microscope during cell division.
The story behind the word. The word 'chromosome' was coined in 1888 by Heinrich von Waldeyer-Hartz, a German anatomist. It comes from the Greek chroma ('color') and soma ('body'). He chose this name because these structures readily absorb certain dyes used in microscopy, making them visible as 'colored bodies' within the cell nucleus.
Word relationships
- genetic carrier: Emphasizes its role in transporting genes.
- DNA package: More informal, highlights its function in organizing DNA.
Commonly confused with
- DNA: DNA is the molecule, while a chromosome is a larger structure made of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
Word family
- chromosomal (adjective): Relating to chromosomes.
Collocations
- sex chromosome
- homologous chromosome
- chromosome number
- chromosome abnormality
Example sentences
- "Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent." Describing genetic organization.
- "During mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes become clearly visible as distinct X-shaped structures." Referring to its visibility.
Memory hook
A 'chromosome' is a 'colored body' that carries your genes. Colored gene body.
When not to use
'Chromosome' is a physical structure, distinct from 'DNA' (the molecule it's made of) or 'gene' (a segment of DNA on a chromosome).
Fun facts
- The number of chromosomes varies widely among species; some ferns have over 1,200 chromosomes!
- The Y chromosome, found only in males, is much smaller and contains fewer genes than the X chromosome.
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